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- Report on The Prince by Machiavelli
-
- 1. Major themes in the book.
- The Prince, written by Niccolo Machiavelli, is one of the first
- examinations of politics and science from a purely scientific and
- rational perspective. Machiavelli theorizes that the state is only
- created if the people cooperate and work to maintain it. The state is
- also one of manÆs greatest endeavors, and the state takes precedence
- over everything else. The state should be oneÆs primary focus, and
- maintaining the sovereignty of the state oneÆs most vital concern. The
- state is founded on the power of its military. Therefore, a strong
- military is vital to maintaining the state. Machiavelli believes that
- men respect power, but they will take advantage of kindness. He
- believes that when given the opportunity one must destroy completely,
- because if one does not he will certainly be destroyed. The prince
- should lead the military, and he has to be intelligent. An effective
- politician can make quick and intelligent choices about the problems
- that constantly arise before him. He must also have virtue, which means
- he is strong, confident, talented, as well as smart. A prince cannot be
- uncertain, because uncertainty is a sign of weakness. Fortune controls
- half of humanÆs actions, and manÆs will control the other half. Virtue
- is the best defense for fortune, and virtue must be used in order to
- keep fortune in check. The prince must take advantage of situations
- based solely on if it is best for the state. He should choose his
- decisions based on contemporary and historical examples. A prince
- cannot consider whether his acts are moral or immoral, and he instead
- must act in an unbiased manner for the state. Also, it does not matter
- how the state achieves its goals, as long as these goals are achieved.
- Finally, regardless of the personal morality involved, the prince should
- be praised if he does good for the state and berated if he hurts the
- state. MachiavelliÆs principles have widespread influence, and they are
- quite similar to some of Thomas Hobbes ideas in Leviathan.
- 2. What does Machiavelli think of "the people" in the course of human
- history?
- Machiavelli has a very low opinion of the people throughout history.
- In general, he feels that men are "ungrateful, fickle, liars, and
- deceiver." "They shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat
- them well, they are yours. They would shed their blood for you à but
- when you are in danger they turn against you." Machiavelli basically
- has little respect for the people, and he feels as though they have not
- earned much either. He uses this as justification for the use of fear
- in order to control people. He also feels that men are "wretched
- creatures who would not keep their word to you, you need not keep your
- word to them." This sense of fairness justifies breaking oneÆs word to
- men. Machiavelli also writes about how hard it must be for a prince to
- stay virtuous. He concludes that with so many wretched men around
- virtue is hard to create in oneself. "The fact is that a man who wants
- to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among so many
- who are not virtuous." Overall, Machiavelli is very pessimistic about
- the abilities of the people. He feels that after examining people
- through history, his conclusions of wretched men are correct.
- 3. Discuss MachiavelliÆs opinions on the uses of cruelty to accomplish
- certain goals.
- Machiavelli tells us that the sovereign must take whatever action is
- necessary to maintain order in society. In time this will result in the
- most compassionate choice too. Machiavelli explains that, Cesare
- Borgia, by using cruelty was able to achieve order and obedience in
- Romangna. This contrast with the inaction of the Florentines, who
- allowed internal conflict to develop in Pistoia, resulting in
- devastation of the city. Therefore, a number of highly visible
- executions can be a very effective means of controlling the people and
- in preventing a major out break of violence and murder. Machiavelli
- also cites the tremendous military successes of Hannibal. Even though
- Hannibal led an army of different races over foreign soil, he never had
- any dissension because of his reputation of extreme cruelty.
- Machiavelli further concludes that it is difficult to be loved and
- feared simultaneously. Hence, one should always prefer to be feared
- than to be loved. During adverse times, the fear of punishment is far
- more effective in maintaining control than depending peopleÆs goodwill
- and love. Finally, excessive leniency will lead to ruin, because
- leniency is seen as a sign of weakness. A good historical example was
- when ScipioÆs armies mutinied against him in Spain.
- 4. What countries in history are discussed most fully by Machiavelli?
- What does he in general have to say about them?
- Machiavelli talks consistently about the Roman empire and its rulers.
- Particularly, he stresses the importance of having a strong army and
- popular support by the army and people. The Roman emperors proved to us
- many times that a ruler who is perceived to be weak is the most
- vulnerable to attack. Alexander Severus was controlled by his mother
- and considered feminine by his troops. He was a good ruler, but it was
- this appearance of weakness that led his troops to kill him. Antonius
- Caracalla is another example of an erroneous ruler. He was a very
- strong military leader who was a great fighter. Unfortunately, he
- became an incredibly cruel and harsh ruler over time, and he was hence
- killed by a centurion. Machiavelli also includes the country of Italy
- into much of his writings. He hopes to reclaim the land which has been
- taken away from them. He feels that Italian princes have lost their
- states because they have not had armed people. Machiavelli tells us
- that an "armed population is a stable population". The Italian princes
- also have not acted quickly, like a real prince should act. Julius II
- did act quick, and Machiavelli attributes this to his success. In
- reality, the whole purpose behind Machiavelli writing The Prince was to
- try and help Italy free itself from foreign domination.
- 5. Evaluation of the book.
- The Prince has been an incredibly important book. It was written in
- the 1500Æs, but much of it still applies today. The book also has
- influenced many people in history. Many philosophers credit Machiavelli
- with leading the way in political science. They say this because he was
- the first person to take a rational approach at analyzing government and
- politics. Many of MachiavelliÆs critics would say that he is to harsh
- in his ideas, and that he even seems immoral. The truth is Machiavelli
- is only being honest with what he has observed consistently in history
- to be true. The effect of his writing are still found today too.
- People still need virtue in order to be a good ruler or manager.
- Success is still to those who can make quick and intelligent choices.
- The government is still supported most by it amount of power. However,
- countries are held accountable today, and few would agree that the end
- justifies the means as Machiavelli wrote. Overall, MachiavelliÆs work
- has lasted through the years, and it has proven to be a classic piece of
- literature by standing the test of time.